Why Should I Be Moral - 1394 Words

Why Should I Be Moral? The question of morality proves to be a complex interrogatory. Should I be moral? If I should be, then why? Why is morality important to society? An assumption can be made that morals derive from a purely religious perspective or the Golden Rule approach. We are told that it is right to be moral. This is an ineffective answer, since it does not apply to someone outside the moral circle (Olsen, 79). This in mind, there is really no way to prove this too a person who wants to know why he/she should be moral. According to Olen, the only answer to them would be because you are. Happiness could also be included in the list of moral reasons. I personally feel that this is the best supported reason for†¦show more content†¦I believe that there is an obligation instilled in each of us by the current religious belief of out society. I believe we make decision based on the consequences we could face in our afterlife. I believe we discern right and wrong on the basis of what is right or wrong to our doctrine. True moral issues, but for the most part dont we judge thing based on what was instilled into us as children? We were socialized to fit a pattern and our society even today is still tinged with religious attitudes and beliefs. According to Kohlbergs stages of moral development, children give the right answer to moral issues, but with different reasons as they progress. STAGE BRIEF DESCRIPTION REASONS FOR DOING RIGHT LEVEL I: 1 Preconventional Desire to Avoid punishment Avoidance of punishment and the superior power of authority; obedience for its own sake. 2 Desire to obtain rewards Serves ones own needs and recognizes that other people have their interests to; conforms to obtain rewards LEVEL II: 3 Conventional Good Boy/Good Girl Values the approval of others and tries to maintain mutual relationships involving trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude; believes in the Golden Rule. 4 Respect for Authority Values societys laws and tries to uphold them; tires to keep the institution going. LEVEL III 5 Post-Conventional Respect for the social contract Believes in upholding the social contract because it provides the greatest good for theShow MoreRelatedFive Important Moral Values Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesImportant Moral Values Shilpi Singh Foothill College Abstract This paper is about five important moral values. 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In this essay, I will offer some reasons for why this might be, and attempt to find reason to justify them with reference to external materialRead MoreAfter Completion Of This Course, The Area In Which I Have1055 Words   |  5 PagesAfter completion of this course, the area in which I have been the least influenced is the section religion and ethics. If I had to take a guess, I bet many students in the class choose this section to be the topic that they have not changed their opinions about from beginning of the year to the end. Religion is something that many people have a strong belief about and it is hard to convert someone to a different religion or change their opinion about a topic in that religion. FI would classify myselfRead MoreMoral Rel ativism in the Dark Knight746 Words   |  3 PagesMoral Realism v. Moral Relativism In the movie The Dark Knight, Batman is faced with a new challenge—dealing with the Joker. Batman, and the city of Gotham, views the Joker as a mysterious, sadistic criminal who is a freak of nature. However, the challenge becomes very personal for Batman as the Joker confronts Batman about everything he believes in. The Joker does this because he has a very relativistic view on life. Even though he murders innocent people, tortures others for amusement, and manipulatesRead MoreWhy Be Moral : A Short Discussion Of Ethical Motivation1697 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Be Moral: A Short Discussion of Ethical Motivation By David Mascone | Submitted On February 17, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author David Mascone Almost by nature, we feel the pullRead MoreIs It Feasible To Find A Method Which We Can Use To Evaluate1632 Words   |  7 PagesIs it feasible to find a method which we can use to evaluate moral decisions and prove whether a person acted morally right or wrong? Philosophers have come up with a number of unique views which attempt to be the universal standard for evaluating these decisions, yet others tend to think that cultural relativism is the only answer to this issue. Cultural relativism is the idea that moral rights and wrongs change based on the culture that you are immersed in. In other words, what is consideredRead More My Moral Philosophy Essays1132 Words   |  5 Pagesis a moral code? I feel that a moral code is a quot;unwritten code that one lives by,quot; This code is indicating how I should live. There is not anyone watching over me judging my moral code; just I am responsible to my self for my actions. However, a moral code should always be in my head and tells m e how to act in all situations. An example would be littering; is it right to throw that gum wrapper out the window of my car? No, just put it in a pocket, I can throw it out later. If you I throw

The importance of health assessment in understanding patients Free Essays

string(68) " has negative impact on respiratory and peripheral muscle function\." Introduction As stated by Weilitz Potter (2007), â€Å"Health assessment is the process of gathering, verifying, analyzing, and communicating data about a patient.† (p. 5). We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of health assessment in understanding patients or any similar topic only for you Order Now This sentence shows that health assessment is essential for fully understanding the situation of a patient. In the following passage, there is a case study to discuss which kind of health assessment can be used in order to provide a better nursing care for a patient. Case scenario Mr Wong, aged 58, arrived at my ward with his wife. He was sweating and coughing. He had a difficulty of breathing and a wheezing sound was heard. After 15 minutes of rest, he felt better. He explained that while he was chasing a bus with his wife, he felt breathlessness and dizzy. He did not recovered after resting for awhile on the street so his wife brought him to the hospital. Mr Wong was a retiree for a year and he was a constructive worker before. He explained that retirement was because of not enough energy for daily work. He had smoked for over 30 years, one and half pack of cigarette per day, and had 5 cans of beer every week. He was obese and had medical history of hypertension for 5 years with own medicine. He was married and lived with his wife in an old building. He was fatigued when climbing up the stairs as well as walking for awhile. Due to the fatigue, he reduced the social activities and stayed most of his time at home. He complaint of not having a good sleep because of night cough (on-and-off for a year) and kept coughing with production of sputum for a year. Besides, he had respiratory track infection more frequently in this year. In recent 2 months, he had poor appetite and lost 8 pounds. During the conversation, Mr Wong usually needed a rest for answering every 3 questions. He looked tired and had deep circles under his eyes. His lip was dry. He was upset about the fatigue and felt useless of himself. He said that his quality of life was affected and lost interest of his previous hobbies. He did not have any social activities in this year nearly. Mr Wong had a low grade fever and blood pressure was around 145/90. His pulse was around 110. He had taken a chest X-ray after admission and the result was pending. He took the test of spirometry and FEV1 was between 40-50%. His 12-lead ECG was normal. 2-liters of oxygen was given through nasal cannula. He always sat up and seldom leaving the bed. Mr Wong was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). When Mr Wong arrived, I took vital signs of him as a baseline. His weight as well as height were recorded. Then I took the health history by an interview. The interview was started with the main complaint of Mr Wong. After that I took the past health status. They were medical history, done surgery, medication history, food and drug allergy. The lifestyle and health practice of Mr Wong were also asked. It included different areas. Smoking and drinking must be included as both were the risk factors of COPD. From his diet, hobbies and activity level, I needed those information for discovering the reasons of weight loss and obesity of Mr Wong. I also asked Mr Wong if he had constipation while if he felt breathless during passing stool and bathing. After the interview, I held a physical examination for Mr Wong. There were 2 parts, inspection and auscultation. I measured the respiratory rate and rhythm and observed the shape of his chest and any central or peripheral cyanosis. Auscultation was followed. I recorded the abnormal sounds like wheezing. Advanced nursing health assessment In the case of Mr Wong, a very simple and brief health assessment was done. It was unsatisfied because the health assessment was not completed and informative. The following passage is going to provide more health assessment and methods which can improve the case of Mr Wong. Health history The interview of Mr Wong was too brief. More questions should be asked. First of all, Mr Wong’s family history should be reviewed as COPD can be inherited (CMP Medica, 2007). More information of his blood relatives such as patients, grandparents and children has to be obtained. Nurse can find out any rare illness among the families which may relate to respiratory disease (Barnett, 2006). Secondly, Mr Wong work history should be also assessed. Since he was a constructive worker, he usually exposed to the chemical irritant. The nature and the environment of his work directly regard to COPD. Nurse needs to identify any personal protective equipment he used as well (Weilitz Potter, 2007, p.157). Thirdly, information regarding home conditions is important to establish how Mr Wong coped at home. As he was living in an old building, the building may be without a lift or with many stairs. It is possible for Mr Wong having difficulty to go out or it may be the reason of reducing social activities (Barnett, 2006). Fourthly, nurse has to question Mr Wong’s sleeping pattern as he did not sleep well because of night cough. Nurse should document how many hours he slept and why he could not sleep well. Sleeplessness or limited sleep may lead to tiredness and inability to cope with daily activities. By knowing the cause, doctor and nurse can treat the night cough of Mr Wong to deal with the insomnia. And they can prevent giving treatment with night sedative due to the side effects, which may depress the respiratorycentre(Barnett, 2006). Physical examination The physical examination includes different parts which can give a complete picture of Mr Wong’s condition. They will be introduced one by one, from simple to complicated. Body mass index From the article of Shepherd (2010), it states that â€Å"Nutritional depletion in patients with COPD is common and has negative impact on respiratory and peripheral muscle function. You read "The importance of health assessment in understanding patients" in category "Essay examples"†(p.559). As Mr Wong had poor appetite and lost 8 pound in 2 months, the body mass index (BMI) should be recorded for follow-up. Nurse has to find out causes of weight loss and deals with those problems efficiently. COPD assessment test COPD assessment test is a simple questionnaire. It is used to measure the impact of COPD on the life of patient, and how this changes overtime. By this test, nurse takes it as a reference to improve the treatment. The test contains 8 questions. They are the frequency of coughing, if he feels any mucus in his chest, if his chest feels tight, if he feels breathless when climbing up hills or stairs, if he is limited doing any activities at home, if he is confident leaving his home despite his lung problem, if he sleeps soundly, if he has lots energy(GlaxoSmithKline, 2009). Medical Research Council( MRC) Dyspnoea Scale Measurement of breathlessness is essential for a COPD patient. The Dyspnoea Scale of MRC allows patients to grade their breathlessness on a scale of 1-5 according to activity carried out. The degree of breathlessness related to activities is from grade1-5 which means from mild to severe. It acts as a baseline and is useful for monitoring purposes for nurses and doctors (Barnett, 2009). Physical examination of Chest Through the process mentioned in above passages, nurse can receive higher proportion of basic information about Mr Wong’ condition. In the coming passages, several techniques which focus on chest are going to introduce. There are 4 physical respiratory examination, inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Although inspection and auscultation were applied in the case of Mr Wong, they were imperfect. Inspection Inspection consists of several parts. For the case of Mr Wong, nurse mainly focus on the inspection of breathing pattern, use of accessory muscles and positioning (Weber Kelley, 2010). Nurse needs to observe the rate, depth and rhythm of respiration. If these factors are abnormal, they represent the increasing workload of breathing. The pattern of respiration should be recorded if there is any special such as tachypnoea, hyperventilation, Cheyne-Strokes respiration, Biot’s respiration†¦etc. It allows the doctor giving particular treatment (Massey Meredith, 2010). Abnormal posture shows the patient may have difficulty in breathing. Mr Wong always sat up or leaned forward because he can better tense the respiratory muscle and contractility (Massey Meredith, 2010). In addition, using of respiratory muscles (trapezius, or shoulder) helps inspiration especially chronic airway obstruction (Weber Kelley, 2010). Nurse should pay more attention and provide suitable nursing care (such as oxygen supply, suction, removing tight clothes†¦etc) when above symptoms occur. Palpation Palpation for tenderness and sensation can determine whether there is inflammation, muscle sore or infection. It can be performed by one or both hands following the sequences. It should be started towards the midline at the level of the left scapula then the nurse moves her hand from left to right. The moving is systematically downward and out to cover the lateral portions of the lungs at the bases. The nurse should compare the finding bilaterally. The nurse can also check if there is mass or tumor (Weber Kelley, 2010). During the palpation, a crackle sensation may be sensed which means crepitus. This sensation is because of air passing through fluid and exudates in the lungs. Fremitus should be assessed. It is a vibration of air movement through the chest wall. It can be increased, decreased or absent which represent different lung problem like consolidation or bronchial obstruction, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax†¦etc (Weber Kelley, 2010). Percussion Percussion has 2 main functions, determining the tone as well as the diaphragmatic excursion. When nurse percusses the chest wall, the sound produced can show whether lung tissue is filled with air, liquid or solid. Same as palpation, a sequence of percussion should be followed. The process is started at the apices of the scapulae then across the top of both shoulders. Next, nurse percusses the intercostals spaces across and down. Finally, she moves from the lateral aspects at the bases of the lung (Weber Kelley, 2010). By comparing the sound of percussed areas, nurse may discover the lung mass or other respiratory problems (Weilitz Potter, 2007). Measuring the diaphragmatic excursion is also important. Emphysema may be a cause of limited diaphragmatic descent. Auscultation For auscultation, breathing sound is not the only element to assess. The voice sound can also be assessed. It is easy that nurse auscultates the chest wall while she asks the patient to repeat pronouncing â€Å"ninety-nine†. This is the way to identify if there is consolidation from pneumonia, atelectasis, or tumor (Weber Kelley, 2010). Mental state For the patient with CODP, they usually reduce the daily activities like Mr Wong did. The patient may not use to the changes of the quality of life( ,2010). Closely observation and listening to the patient are the easiest and useful ways to assess the mental state of the patient. If there is any abnormal, the condition should be recorded and report to the senior nurse. Conclusion In this article, some health assessment tools and techniques are suggested for a CODP patient, Mr Wong. There is no traumatic procedure involved. However, the results of different examination can give large amount of information of the patient’s body condition. And this is essential for the clinical staff to improve the clinical decision making in order to provide better treatments for the patient. Reference Barnett, M. (2009). An overview of assessment and management in COPD. British Journal of Community Nursing, 15(5), 195-201. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=104sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=3 Barnett, M. ( 2006). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. United Kingdom: New York John Wiley Sons, Ltd. CMP Medica (2007):CMP Media Pacific Limited? GlaxoSmithKline. (2009). COPD assessment test. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.catestonline.co.uk/test/index.htm Massey, D, Meredith, T. ( 2010). Respirator assessment 1: Why do it and how to do it?. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 5(11), 537-541. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=17sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=4 Shepherd, A. ( 2010). The nutritional management of COPD: an overview. British Journal of Nursing, 19(9), 559-562. Retrieved March 12,2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=104sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=3 Weber, J, Kelley, J. (2010). Health assessment in nursing(4th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Weilitz, P. B., Potter, P. A. (2007). Pocket guide for health assessment(6th ed.).Missouri: Mosby Elservier. How to cite The importance of health assessment in understanding patients, Essay examples

Renewable Sources of Energy

Question: Discuss about the Renewable Sources of Energy. Answer: Introduction: Renewable sources like sun, rain, wind, waves, tides and geothermal heat that are naturally replenished and provides energy for water and air cooling, electricity generation, transportation and energy services (Twidell Weir, 2015). They are generated through natural processes capable of replenishing itself. This type of energy is constantly renewed and is inexhaustible. The biomass including solid waste, wood, biogas and biodiesel are also the renewable forms of energy (Lee, Speight Loyalka, 2014). The use of renewable sources of energy has both benefits and disadvantages. There are several benefits of using renewable sources of energy. The sources of the renewable energy could be easily replaced. The renewable sources like sun, wind, water, land and geothermal heat do not pollute the environment. As a result, it does not contribute to the green house gas effect. The sources are carbon neutral that does not produce carbon compounds. The biomass, land, air and water are naturally available and are not formed. The great benefit of using renewable energy sources is that they can be trapped and are non-exhaustible. These sources are safe for the environment and are not so expensive compared to non-renewable sources of energy. The solar energy is obtained from the sun directly or indirectly and is used for lightning houses, buildings and heating hot water and in a variety of commercial and industrial purposes (Ellabban, Abu-Rub Blaabjerg, 2014). The hydroelectric power is generated through wind energy heated by sun turning into vapors. These vapors turn into rains flowing through rivers and streams generating hydroelectric power. The plants grow with the help of sunlight and that makes up the biomass consisting of organic matter used for producing electricity, chemicals and transportation fuels. The earths internal energy is trapped to generate electricity, cooling and heating of buildings (Dickson Fanelli, 2013). The hydrogen is found in many organic compounds being the most abundant element acting as an energy carrier. The technologies produced using renewable sources are the cheapest form of energy production. It provides benefits on a large scale in terms of market production and mass production. The levelised cost of energy is declining for the renewable energy sources and the cost is also less for the energy production. The renewable sources are the most economical solution for energy production with good capacity. Th e energy produced by using renewable sources does not emit greenhouse gases contributing to the global warming. Renewable sources of energy reduce the dependency on the fuels and energy obtained from the foreign governments. They are sources of constant energy and provide a vast supply of energy. They are clean sources of energy and are considered safe for the environment. They have no carbon emissions and as a result, do not contribute to the global warming. The sources are sustainable and will not run out. The renewable sources do not deplete the natural sources and have minimal impacts on the environment. It enables to reduce pollution and keep people healthy. They are the reliable sources of energy as the wind; sun and water are available on a large scale over geographical areas. The use of renewable energy sources require less cost maintenance and reduce the costs. It also stabilizes the energy prices as the invested money would be less and there is no need of heavy pricing (Bahadori, Zendehboudi Zahedi, 2013). Along with the benefits, there are disadvantages of using renewable sources of energy. The biggest disadvantage of using renewable energy sources is that it is entirely dependent on the weather. The sun, wind or rain is the sources of natural climatic conditions and due to unprecedented patterns of weather; the energy use is minimized in those cases. If the weather fails to produce these climatic conditions, then the sources of renewable energy would not be able to make energy (Tyagi Lo, 2013). The energy production by renewable sources cannot be generated in large quantity when compared to energy production by non-renewable sources. This problem could be mitigated either by furnishing the increasing demands or by reducing energy consumption. The construction and building costs of the plants for the renewable energy production are initially high. Moreover, the plants require upfront investments, high maintenance costs, careful planning and attentive implementation. The high energy g eneration is not possible by using renewable energy sources and is highly inconsistent and unpredictable (Scheer, 2013). As they are dependent on climatic conditions, unavailability of the sources would lead to failure of energy production. To set up plants for the energy production through renewable sources, large land tracts are required. There is requirement of large wind farms and solar panels to produce enormous energy and for that large patches of land are required when compared to energy production by non-renewable sources. The construction wind farms also spoil the country side. The implementation of the big solar panels is costly. In the case of tidal energy generation, the barrage construction is very expensive. Moreover, the construction would cause the destruction of wildlife and requirement of suitable estuaries (Sanchez et al., 2014). There is flow of sewage into the sea and reduction of tidal flow due to the implementation of tidal barrage. The energy generation through wave power is also expensive and may be opposed by environmental groups as the seawater is moved in and outside the cavity on a shore trapping air to drive a turbine. The geothermal energy generation is also costly and most importantly it could only be set up in areas of volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the volcanic and geothermal activities might settle down but the power stations would become redundant. This would increase the cost of renovating and maintaining the large geothermal power plants after being destroyed by volcanic eruptions. As a result, the dangerous and toxic elements that are found underground would be exposed to the surface (Bagher, Vahid Mohsen, 2014). The cost is high for the implementation of hydroelectric power plants and could lead to flooding of the nearby surrounding areas. The local hydrology is immensely affected by the construction of dams and posing ecological damage. The energy production through the burning of biomass emits carbon that contributes to the greenhouse effect. The biomass energy production is useful only when there is replanting of crops. The wood is also considered as a cheap method to generate light a nd heat. However, burning of wood pollutes the environment giving off atmospheric pollutants that include the greenhouse gases (Vassilev, Vassileva Vassilev, 2015). This process also requires replanting of trees otherwise wood would become a non-renewable source of energy. Therefore, the use of renewable sources of energy has both benefits and disadvantages. References Bagher, A. M., Vahid, M., Mohsen, M. (2014). Geothermal Energy.Journal of Engineering and Technology Research,6(8), 146-150. Bahadori, A., Zendehboudi, S., Zahedi, G. (2013). A review of geothermal energy resources in Australia: Current status and prospects.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,21(0), 29-34. Dickson, M. H., Fanelli, M. (2013).Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Routledge. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, 748-764. Lee, S., Speight, J. G., Loyalka, S. K. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of alternative fuel technologies. crc Press. Sanchez, M., Carballo, R., Ramos, V., lvarez, M., Vazquez, A., Iglesias, G. (2014). IMPACT OF TIDAL STREAM ENERGY EXPLOITATION ON ESTUARINE HYDRODYNAMICS.Coastal Engineering Proceedings,1(34), 22. Scheer, H. (2013).The solar economy: Renewable energy for a sustainable global future. Routledge. Twidell, J., Weir, T. (2015).Renewable energy resources. Routledge. Tyagi, V. K., Lo, S. L. (2013). Sludge: A waste or renewable source for energy and resources recovery?.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,25, 708-728. Vassilev, S. V., Vassileva, C. G., Vassilev, V. S. (2015). Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: an overview.Fuel,158, 330-350.