Why Should I Be Moral - 1394 Words

Why Should I Be Moral? The question of morality proves to be a complex interrogatory. Should I be moral? If I should be, then why? Why is morality important to society? An assumption can be made that morals derive from a purely religious perspective or the Golden Rule approach. We are told that it is right to be moral. This is an ineffective answer, since it does not apply to someone outside the moral circle (Olsen, 79). This in mind, there is really no way to prove this too a person who wants to know why he/she should be moral. According to Olen, the only answer to them would be because you are. Happiness could also be included in the list of moral reasons. I personally feel that this is the best supported reason for†¦show more content†¦I believe that there is an obligation instilled in each of us by the current religious belief of out society. I believe we make decision based on the consequences we could face in our afterlife. I believe we discern right and wrong on the basis of what is right or wrong to our doctrine. True moral issues, but for the most part dont we judge thing based on what was instilled into us as children? We were socialized to fit a pattern and our society even today is still tinged with religious attitudes and beliefs. According to Kohlbergs stages of moral development, children give the right answer to moral issues, but with different reasons as they progress. STAGE BRIEF DESCRIPTION REASONS FOR DOING RIGHT LEVEL I: 1 Preconventional Desire to Avoid punishment Avoidance of punishment and the superior power of authority; obedience for its own sake. 2 Desire to obtain rewards Serves ones own needs and recognizes that other people have their interests to; conforms to obtain rewards LEVEL II: 3 Conventional Good Boy/Good Girl Values the approval of others and tries to maintain mutual relationships involving trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude; believes in the Golden Rule. 4 Respect for Authority Values societys laws and tries to uphold them; tires to keep the institution going. LEVEL III 5 Post-Conventional Respect for the social contract Believes in upholding the social contract because it provides the greatest good for theShow MoreRelatedFive Important Moral Values Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesImportant Moral Values Shilpi Singh Foothill College Abstract This paper is about five important moral values. 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Even though he murders innocent people, tortures others for amusement, and manipulatesRead MoreWhy Be Moral : A Short Discussion Of Ethical Motivation1697 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Be Moral: A Short Discussion of Ethical Motivation By David Mascone | Submitted On February 17, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author David Mascone Almost by nature, we feel the pullRead MoreIs It Feasible To Find A Method Which We Can Use To Evaluate1632 Words   |  7 PagesIs it feasible to find a method which we can use to evaluate moral decisions and prove whether a person acted morally right or wrong? 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The importance of health assessment in understanding patients Free Essays

string(68) " has negative impact on respiratory and peripheral muscle function\." Introduction As stated by Weilitz Potter (2007), â€Å"Health assessment is the process of gathering, verifying, analyzing, and communicating data about a patient.† (p. 5). We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of health assessment in understanding patients or any similar topic only for you Order Now This sentence shows that health assessment is essential for fully understanding the situation of a patient. In the following passage, there is a case study to discuss which kind of health assessment can be used in order to provide a better nursing care for a patient. Case scenario Mr Wong, aged 58, arrived at my ward with his wife. He was sweating and coughing. He had a difficulty of breathing and a wheezing sound was heard. After 15 minutes of rest, he felt better. He explained that while he was chasing a bus with his wife, he felt breathlessness and dizzy. He did not recovered after resting for awhile on the street so his wife brought him to the hospital. Mr Wong was a retiree for a year and he was a constructive worker before. He explained that retirement was because of not enough energy for daily work. He had smoked for over 30 years, one and half pack of cigarette per day, and had 5 cans of beer every week. He was obese and had medical history of hypertension for 5 years with own medicine. He was married and lived with his wife in an old building. He was fatigued when climbing up the stairs as well as walking for awhile. Due to the fatigue, he reduced the social activities and stayed most of his time at home. He complaint of not having a good sleep because of night cough (on-and-off for a year) and kept coughing with production of sputum for a year. Besides, he had respiratory track infection more frequently in this year. In recent 2 months, he had poor appetite and lost 8 pounds. During the conversation, Mr Wong usually needed a rest for answering every 3 questions. He looked tired and had deep circles under his eyes. His lip was dry. He was upset about the fatigue and felt useless of himself. He said that his quality of life was affected and lost interest of his previous hobbies. He did not have any social activities in this year nearly. Mr Wong had a low grade fever and blood pressure was around 145/90. His pulse was around 110. He had taken a chest X-ray after admission and the result was pending. He took the test of spirometry and FEV1 was between 40-50%. His 12-lead ECG was normal. 2-liters of oxygen was given through nasal cannula. He always sat up and seldom leaving the bed. Mr Wong was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). When Mr Wong arrived, I took vital signs of him as a baseline. His weight as well as height were recorded. Then I took the health history by an interview. The interview was started with the main complaint of Mr Wong. After that I took the past health status. They were medical history, done surgery, medication history, food and drug allergy. The lifestyle and health practice of Mr Wong were also asked. It included different areas. Smoking and drinking must be included as both were the risk factors of COPD. From his diet, hobbies and activity level, I needed those information for discovering the reasons of weight loss and obesity of Mr Wong. I also asked Mr Wong if he had constipation while if he felt breathless during passing stool and bathing. After the interview, I held a physical examination for Mr Wong. There were 2 parts, inspection and auscultation. I measured the respiratory rate and rhythm and observed the shape of his chest and any central or peripheral cyanosis. Auscultation was followed. I recorded the abnormal sounds like wheezing. Advanced nursing health assessment In the case of Mr Wong, a very simple and brief health assessment was done. It was unsatisfied because the health assessment was not completed and informative. The following passage is going to provide more health assessment and methods which can improve the case of Mr Wong. Health history The interview of Mr Wong was too brief. More questions should be asked. First of all, Mr Wong’s family history should be reviewed as COPD can be inherited (CMP Medica, 2007). More information of his blood relatives such as patients, grandparents and children has to be obtained. Nurse can find out any rare illness among the families which may relate to respiratory disease (Barnett, 2006). Secondly, Mr Wong work history should be also assessed. Since he was a constructive worker, he usually exposed to the chemical irritant. The nature and the environment of his work directly regard to COPD. Nurse needs to identify any personal protective equipment he used as well (Weilitz Potter, 2007, p.157). Thirdly, information regarding home conditions is important to establish how Mr Wong coped at home. As he was living in an old building, the building may be without a lift or with many stairs. It is possible for Mr Wong having difficulty to go out or it may be the reason of reducing social activities (Barnett, 2006). Fourthly, nurse has to question Mr Wong’s sleeping pattern as he did not sleep well because of night cough. Nurse should document how many hours he slept and why he could not sleep well. Sleeplessness or limited sleep may lead to tiredness and inability to cope with daily activities. By knowing the cause, doctor and nurse can treat the night cough of Mr Wong to deal with the insomnia. And they can prevent giving treatment with night sedative due to the side effects, which may depress the respiratorycentre(Barnett, 2006). Physical examination The physical examination includes different parts which can give a complete picture of Mr Wong’s condition. They will be introduced one by one, from simple to complicated. Body mass index From the article of Shepherd (2010), it states that â€Å"Nutritional depletion in patients with COPD is common and has negative impact on respiratory and peripheral muscle function. You read "The importance of health assessment in understanding patients" in category "Essay examples"†(p.559). As Mr Wong had poor appetite and lost 8 pound in 2 months, the body mass index (BMI) should be recorded for follow-up. Nurse has to find out causes of weight loss and deals with those problems efficiently. COPD assessment test COPD assessment test is a simple questionnaire. It is used to measure the impact of COPD on the life of patient, and how this changes overtime. By this test, nurse takes it as a reference to improve the treatment. The test contains 8 questions. They are the frequency of coughing, if he feels any mucus in his chest, if his chest feels tight, if he feels breathless when climbing up hills or stairs, if he is limited doing any activities at home, if he is confident leaving his home despite his lung problem, if he sleeps soundly, if he has lots energy(GlaxoSmithKline, 2009). Medical Research Council( MRC) Dyspnoea Scale Measurement of breathlessness is essential for a COPD patient. The Dyspnoea Scale of MRC allows patients to grade their breathlessness on a scale of 1-5 according to activity carried out. The degree of breathlessness related to activities is from grade1-5 which means from mild to severe. It acts as a baseline and is useful for monitoring purposes for nurses and doctors (Barnett, 2009). Physical examination of Chest Through the process mentioned in above passages, nurse can receive higher proportion of basic information about Mr Wong’ condition. In the coming passages, several techniques which focus on chest are going to introduce. There are 4 physical respiratory examination, inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation. Although inspection and auscultation were applied in the case of Mr Wong, they were imperfect. Inspection Inspection consists of several parts. For the case of Mr Wong, nurse mainly focus on the inspection of breathing pattern, use of accessory muscles and positioning (Weber Kelley, 2010). Nurse needs to observe the rate, depth and rhythm of respiration. If these factors are abnormal, they represent the increasing workload of breathing. The pattern of respiration should be recorded if there is any special such as tachypnoea, hyperventilation, Cheyne-Strokes respiration, Biot’s respiration†¦etc. It allows the doctor giving particular treatment (Massey Meredith, 2010). Abnormal posture shows the patient may have difficulty in breathing. Mr Wong always sat up or leaned forward because he can better tense the respiratory muscle and contractility (Massey Meredith, 2010). In addition, using of respiratory muscles (trapezius, or shoulder) helps inspiration especially chronic airway obstruction (Weber Kelley, 2010). Nurse should pay more attention and provide suitable nursing care (such as oxygen supply, suction, removing tight clothes†¦etc) when above symptoms occur. Palpation Palpation for tenderness and sensation can determine whether there is inflammation, muscle sore or infection. It can be performed by one or both hands following the sequences. It should be started towards the midline at the level of the left scapula then the nurse moves her hand from left to right. The moving is systematically downward and out to cover the lateral portions of the lungs at the bases. The nurse should compare the finding bilaterally. The nurse can also check if there is mass or tumor (Weber Kelley, 2010). During the palpation, a crackle sensation may be sensed which means crepitus. This sensation is because of air passing through fluid and exudates in the lungs. Fremitus should be assessed. It is a vibration of air movement through the chest wall. It can be increased, decreased or absent which represent different lung problem like consolidation or bronchial obstruction, pulmonary edema, pneumothorax†¦etc (Weber Kelley, 2010). Percussion Percussion has 2 main functions, determining the tone as well as the diaphragmatic excursion. When nurse percusses the chest wall, the sound produced can show whether lung tissue is filled with air, liquid or solid. Same as palpation, a sequence of percussion should be followed. The process is started at the apices of the scapulae then across the top of both shoulders. Next, nurse percusses the intercostals spaces across and down. Finally, she moves from the lateral aspects at the bases of the lung (Weber Kelley, 2010). By comparing the sound of percussed areas, nurse may discover the lung mass or other respiratory problems (Weilitz Potter, 2007). Measuring the diaphragmatic excursion is also important. Emphysema may be a cause of limited diaphragmatic descent. Auscultation For auscultation, breathing sound is not the only element to assess. The voice sound can also be assessed. It is easy that nurse auscultates the chest wall while she asks the patient to repeat pronouncing â€Å"ninety-nine†. This is the way to identify if there is consolidation from pneumonia, atelectasis, or tumor (Weber Kelley, 2010). Mental state For the patient with CODP, they usually reduce the daily activities like Mr Wong did. The patient may not use to the changes of the quality of life( ,2010). Closely observation and listening to the patient are the easiest and useful ways to assess the mental state of the patient. If there is any abnormal, the condition should be recorded and report to the senior nurse. Conclusion In this article, some health assessment tools and techniques are suggested for a CODP patient, Mr Wong. There is no traumatic procedure involved. However, the results of different examination can give large amount of information of the patient’s body condition. And this is essential for the clinical staff to improve the clinical decision making in order to provide better treatments for the patient. Reference Barnett, M. (2009). An overview of assessment and management in COPD. British Journal of Community Nursing, 15(5), 195-201. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=104sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=3 Barnett, M. ( 2006). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. United Kingdom: New York John Wiley Sons, Ltd. CMP Medica (2007):CMP Media Pacific Limited? GlaxoSmithKline. (2009). COPD assessment test. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://www.catestonline.co.uk/test/index.htm Massey, D, Meredith, T. ( 2010). Respirator assessment 1: Why do it and how to do it?. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 5(11), 537-541. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=17sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=4 Shepherd, A. ( 2010). The nutritional management of COPD: an overview. British Journal of Nursing, 19(9), 559-562. Retrieved March 12,2010, from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.lib.ouhk.edu.hk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=104sid=ada13567-52a0-4268-b952-fd290eadc7a3%40sessionmgr104vid=3 Weber, J, Kelley, J. (2010). Health assessment in nursing(4th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Weilitz, P. B., Potter, P. A. (2007). Pocket guide for health assessment(6th ed.).Missouri: Mosby Elservier. How to cite The importance of health assessment in understanding patients, Essay examples

Renewable Sources of Energy

Question: Discuss about the Renewable Sources of Energy. Answer: Introduction: Renewable sources like sun, rain, wind, waves, tides and geothermal heat that are naturally replenished and provides energy for water and air cooling, electricity generation, transportation and energy services (Twidell Weir, 2015). They are generated through natural processes capable of replenishing itself. This type of energy is constantly renewed and is inexhaustible. The biomass including solid waste, wood, biogas and biodiesel are also the renewable forms of energy (Lee, Speight Loyalka, 2014). The use of renewable sources of energy has both benefits and disadvantages. There are several benefits of using renewable sources of energy. The sources of the renewable energy could be easily replaced. The renewable sources like sun, wind, water, land and geothermal heat do not pollute the environment. As a result, it does not contribute to the green house gas effect. The sources are carbon neutral that does not produce carbon compounds. The biomass, land, air and water are naturally available and are not formed. The great benefit of using renewable energy sources is that they can be trapped and are non-exhaustible. These sources are safe for the environment and are not so expensive compared to non-renewable sources of energy. The solar energy is obtained from the sun directly or indirectly and is used for lightning houses, buildings and heating hot water and in a variety of commercial and industrial purposes (Ellabban, Abu-Rub Blaabjerg, 2014). The hydroelectric power is generated through wind energy heated by sun turning into vapors. These vapors turn into rains flowing through rivers and streams generating hydroelectric power. The plants grow with the help of sunlight and that makes up the biomass consisting of organic matter used for producing electricity, chemicals and transportation fuels. The earths internal energy is trapped to generate electricity, cooling and heating of buildings (Dickson Fanelli, 2013). The hydrogen is found in many organic compounds being the most abundant element acting as an energy carrier. The technologies produced using renewable sources are the cheapest form of energy production. It provides benefits on a large scale in terms of market production and mass production. The levelised cost of energy is declining for the renewable energy sources and the cost is also less for the energy production. The renewable sources are the most economical solution for energy production with good capacity. Th e energy produced by using renewable sources does not emit greenhouse gases contributing to the global warming. Renewable sources of energy reduce the dependency on the fuels and energy obtained from the foreign governments. They are sources of constant energy and provide a vast supply of energy. They are clean sources of energy and are considered safe for the environment. They have no carbon emissions and as a result, do not contribute to the global warming. The sources are sustainable and will not run out. The renewable sources do not deplete the natural sources and have minimal impacts on the environment. It enables to reduce pollution and keep people healthy. They are the reliable sources of energy as the wind; sun and water are available on a large scale over geographical areas. The use of renewable energy sources require less cost maintenance and reduce the costs. It also stabilizes the energy prices as the invested money would be less and there is no need of heavy pricing (Bahadori, Zendehboudi Zahedi, 2013). Along with the benefits, there are disadvantages of using renewable sources of energy. The biggest disadvantage of using renewable energy sources is that it is entirely dependent on the weather. The sun, wind or rain is the sources of natural climatic conditions and due to unprecedented patterns of weather; the energy use is minimized in those cases. If the weather fails to produce these climatic conditions, then the sources of renewable energy would not be able to make energy (Tyagi Lo, 2013). The energy production by renewable sources cannot be generated in large quantity when compared to energy production by non-renewable sources. This problem could be mitigated either by furnishing the increasing demands or by reducing energy consumption. The construction and building costs of the plants for the renewable energy production are initially high. Moreover, the plants require upfront investments, high maintenance costs, careful planning and attentive implementation. The high energy g eneration is not possible by using renewable energy sources and is highly inconsistent and unpredictable (Scheer, 2013). As they are dependent on climatic conditions, unavailability of the sources would lead to failure of energy production. To set up plants for the energy production through renewable sources, large land tracts are required. There is requirement of large wind farms and solar panels to produce enormous energy and for that large patches of land are required when compared to energy production by non-renewable sources. The construction wind farms also spoil the country side. The implementation of the big solar panels is costly. In the case of tidal energy generation, the barrage construction is very expensive. Moreover, the construction would cause the destruction of wildlife and requirement of suitable estuaries (Sanchez et al., 2014). There is flow of sewage into the sea and reduction of tidal flow due to the implementation of tidal barrage. The energy generation through wave power is also expensive and may be opposed by environmental groups as the seawater is moved in and outside the cavity on a shore trapping air to drive a turbine. The geothermal energy generation is also costly and most importantly it could only be set up in areas of volcanic eruptions. Therefore, the volcanic and geothermal activities might settle down but the power stations would become redundant. This would increase the cost of renovating and maintaining the large geothermal power plants after being destroyed by volcanic eruptions. As a result, the dangerous and toxic elements that are found underground would be exposed to the surface (Bagher, Vahid Mohsen, 2014). The cost is high for the implementation of hydroelectric power plants and could lead to flooding of the nearby surrounding areas. The local hydrology is immensely affected by the construction of dams and posing ecological damage. The energy production through the burning of biomass emits carbon that contributes to the greenhouse effect. The biomass energy production is useful only when there is replanting of crops. The wood is also considered as a cheap method to generate light a nd heat. However, burning of wood pollutes the environment giving off atmospheric pollutants that include the greenhouse gases (Vassilev, Vassileva Vassilev, 2015). This process also requires replanting of trees otherwise wood would become a non-renewable source of energy. Therefore, the use of renewable sources of energy has both benefits and disadvantages. References Bagher, A. M., Vahid, M., Mohsen, M. (2014). Geothermal Energy.Journal of Engineering and Technology Research,6(8), 146-150. Bahadori, A., Zendehboudi, S., Zahedi, G. (2013). A review of geothermal energy resources in Australia: Current status and prospects.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,21(0), 29-34. Dickson, M. H., Fanelli, M. (2013).Geothermal energy: utilization and technology. Routledge. Ellabban, O., Abu-Rub, H., Blaabjerg, F. (2014). Renewable energy resources: Current status, future prospects and their enabling technology.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,39, 748-764. Lee, S., Speight, J. G., Loyalka, S. K. (Eds.). (2014).Handbook of alternative fuel technologies. crc Press. Sanchez, M., Carballo, R., Ramos, V., lvarez, M., Vazquez, A., Iglesias, G. (2014). IMPACT OF TIDAL STREAM ENERGY EXPLOITATION ON ESTUARINE HYDRODYNAMICS.Coastal Engineering Proceedings,1(34), 22. Scheer, H. (2013).The solar economy: Renewable energy for a sustainable global future. Routledge. Twidell, J., Weir, T. (2015).Renewable energy resources. Routledge. Tyagi, V. K., Lo, S. L. (2013). Sludge: A waste or renewable source for energy and resources recovery?.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,25, 708-728. Vassilev, S. V., Vassileva, C. G., Vassilev, V. S. (2015). Advantages and disadvantages of composition and properties of biomass in comparison with coal: an overview.Fuel,158, 330-350.

Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts

Introduction The answer is yes, Big Banks President can rescind the contract under the following special circumstances. In the law of contracts, when a contract is rescinded, it means that the two parties to the contract have been relieved of their obligation in relation to the initial contract entered in the initial agreement.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mutual rescission In some cases, in the law of contracts, the two parties may be discharged from their obligations in an agreement to carry out a consideration either in terms of money or otherwise if before its performance, the two parties mutually agree to follow a new agreement after the completion of an initial agreement through mutual assent. In this case, both parties involved are relieved of their contractual obligations. This is possible even if the contract has express or implied instruction suggesting on the contrary. In this case, there are facts that must be alleged and proved beyond any reasonable doubt, whether the contract is oral or written. Form of the contract The form of the contract can either be written or oral, provided that the circumstances of the contract can be proved; the actions of the parties to the contract will not matter as they can be express or implied. The law of contracts on rescission prevails; regardless of the form of the contract provided, there is consideration and supporting circumstances as evidence. Assent All the parties to the contract must agree on the action to be taken through mutual agreement. This can only be evident when there is a meeting of the both parties. In some cases, one of the parties may repudiate the contract, and the second party impliedly takes the repudiation as a counter offer leading to a rescission of the contract. It should, however, be noted that this must be clearly expressed. Conside ration An agreement between the parties to rescind the contract must be supported by sufficient consideration in terms of an inducement with money or otherwise. Unless one of the parties to the contract carries out his/her part of the agreement, he or she must be adequately compensated without any favors. Operation and effect In the event that there is rescission of the contract, none of the parties will benefit from the deal and gain more than what he/she has invested in carrying out the contract. None of the parties should gain more from the contract in order not to get a higher financial position than what one originally had, prior to the contract.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Intention of the parties to the contract.  Aim The direction of the contract will always be determined by the aim of entry in the contract by the parties to the contract. In the event that the aim of the contract has been accomplished by the parties, the contract may be made on the grounds of completion of the main objective of the contract. If Big Bank decides to take legal action against rescission of the contract, it will be very hard for Big Bank to convince the judge on its favor. This is because there is express immunity of System INC against contractual obligation. This is seen in the phrase (f) that excludes System INC from any contractual obligation in case of system omission by system INC. For example, â€Å"in no event will systems inc. Be responsible for special, reliance, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of any act or omission by systems inc. In connection with this agreement, even if systems INC.† This may complicate the ability of Big Bank to get legal redress in terms of receipt of damages. Conclusion There are 3 types of contract performance. One of them is a complete performance where both the parties completely carry out their contractual obligation. The advantage is that both the parties benefit from that as intended. Secondly, the substantial performance is where most of the work or payment is done by one of the party to the contract. In this case, the remedy is always the compensation based on the quantity of consideration. This essay on Rescission of a contract in the law of contracts was written and submitted by user Kiara Prince to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Comparing Thomas Volgy And Scott Putnam

The issue of decline in political participation of the population of the United States has never been so vital. Numerous sociological surveys indicate that people’s participation in various social activities is not as active as it used to be in the past. The population of the United States represents a disintegrating group that is more than ever influenced by individualism. People no longer care about other members of the society because for many people personal independence has been of primary importance. Many sociologists have noticed this trend and conducted numerous studied on the issue. Robert Putnam’s book â€Å"Bowling Alone† and another work â€Å"Politics in the Trenches† written by Thomas Volgy can give one much insight into the current social trends that are dubbed â€Å"the loss of social capital†. Robert Putnam's book "Bowling Alone" argues that "the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions . . . are powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement." Political activity, social and economic cooperation, and neighborhood comity are all promoted, on this view, by the interactions of individuals in their clubs, leagues, organizations, and families. However, the contemporary accounts of civil society's importance are marked by anxiety as much as celebration. "Bowling Alone," as its title suggests, portrays a significant decline in our associational habits. Citing surveys that track levels of political participation, group membership, and even informal socializing over the past quarter century, Putnam argues that "Americans who came of age during the Depression and World War II have been far more deeply engaged in the lives of their communities than the generations that have followed them." His diagnosis of civic decline has become a subject o f vigorous debate, not all of which is accessible or comprehensible to non-sociologists. If Putnam's diagnosis is sound, we must be concerned about ... Free Essays on Comparing Thomas Volgy And Scott Putnam Free Essays on Comparing Thomas Volgy And Scott Putnam The issue of decline in political participation of the population of the United States has never been so vital. Numerous sociological surveys indicate that people’s participation in various social activities is not as active as it used to be in the past. The population of the United States represents a disintegrating group that is more than ever influenced by individualism. People no longer care about other members of the society because for many people personal independence has been of primary importance. Many sociologists have noticed this trend and conducted numerous studied on the issue. Robert Putnam’s book â€Å"Bowling Alone† and another work â€Å"Politics in the Trenches† written by Thomas Volgy can give one much insight into the current social trends that are dubbed â€Å"the loss of social capital†. Robert Putnam's book "Bowling Alone" argues that "the quality of public life and the performance of social institutions . . . are powerfully influenced by norms and networks of civic engagement." Political activity, social and economic cooperation, and neighborhood comity are all promoted, on this view, by the interactions of individuals in their clubs, leagues, organizations, and families. However, the contemporary accounts of civil society's importance are marked by anxiety as much as celebration. "Bowling Alone," as its title suggests, portrays a significant decline in our associational habits. Citing surveys that track levels of political participation, group membership, and even informal socializing over the past quarter century, Putnam argues that "Americans who came of age during the Depression and World War II have been far more deeply engaged in the lives of their communities than the generations that have followed them." His diagnosis of civic decline has become a subject o f vigorous debate, not all of which is accessible or comprehensible to non-sociologists. If Putnam's diagnosis is sound, we must be concerned about ...

A Pilot Study Report Education Essay

A Pilot Study Report Education Essay Introduction The aim of the pilot study was to examine data collection instruments that will be used in the main data collection. It is important that any tools of data collection should have a pilot study ‘in order to iron out any problems of overlap of categories’ (Cohen et al, 2005: 130). In other words, Drever (1995: 56) points out that the researcher in the pilot study is trying to do two things: ‘first, to give the interview a trial run under realistic conditions; second, to get as much information as possible from the other person about how they interpret and reacted to the researcher’s questions. Instruments Two instruments of data collection were used in the pilot study: first, in class-essay writing sessions, this was done by asking students to write three essay drafts in three different writing sessions. The time allowed for writing the essay drafts was 90 minutes. The number of errors was used to measure the achievements of the students’ accuracy in a new piece of writing. Second, conducting an interview with students first and then their tutors in order to know their expectations towards tutors’ error feedback. Participants Students from the two colleges were selected and had informed that their writing work would be analysed and used for research and teaching purposes. First year students and second year students from each college were enrolled in three writing class sessions. The total number of students who participated in the study was ninety-seven students. Students assigned to two different groups: first group, students who received ‘coded’ direct written feedback focused on form and the other group who received ‘un-coded’ written feedback focused on form as well. English writing tutors were selected in the study and their number was four. Pilot Study Procedures and methods of collecting data Used Students were required to write three descriptive essays on different topics but on a similar context during six weeks’ time. Tutors were asked to focus on correcting errors based on form, and they were given a list of types of errors that should be addressed on students’ essay drafts. (See table 1) Types of Error Article Errors Plural Nouns Errors Prepositions Wrong Word Punctuations Missing word Spelling Word Order Capitalization Subject-Verb Agreement Personal Pronouns Verb Tense Errors Incomplete Sentence Table: 1 Tutors asked students to write between 250 – 300 words for the first essay draft for both first and second year students. All students were given 90 minutes to write their essays. Tutors asked first year students to write three descriptive essays in six weeks’ time. The first essay topic was to describe your family and whether it is a typical family in Libya. In week two, they were asked to describe their best friends and why they were the best of their friends. In week six, students were asked to describe one of their parents and how they would describe them. Likewise, tutors asked second year students to write three descriptive essays in six weeks’ time. The first topic was to describe any important Muslim event in their country and why it is important to them. In week two, students were asked to describe their national holiday event in their country and why it is important. In week six, students were asked to describe their favourite holiday place in their country and why it is favourite one.

Coronary heart disease in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coronary heart disease in the UK - Essay Example Cardiovascular diseases cause a lot of health problems in the UK. In 2011, the country experienced approximately 160,000 deaths due to these diseases. Majorities of deaths from heart diseases are brought about by heart attacks; the UK records around 103,000 heart attacks every year. The UK experiences approximately 152,000  strokes every year, which cause more than 40,000 deaths (Department of Health 2010). Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of deaths in the UK and around the world. The disease causes approximately 73,000 deaths in the United Kingdom every year (Mozaffarian et al. 2015). It is estimated that one in  a group of six men and one in  a group of ten women dies as a result of coronary heart disease. In the UK, there are about 2.3 million persons living with the disease. Around the world, approximately 2 million people are affected by coronary heart disease. As people grow old, they become more likely to get CHD; Men are more likely to suffer from the disease when they are much younger as compared to women (Mozaffarian et al. 2015). The high number of deaths caused by coronary heart disease requires immediate intervention in order to curb its spread. It is important to study the condition in order to know its causes, symptoms and establish how to treat it. The building up of fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries that directs blood to the heart causes coronary heart disease. The fat deposits cause the arteries to narrow leading to a reduction in the supply of oxygen to the heart (Shah 2006). The decrease in the supply oxygen causes pain in the chest or even heart attack. The heart is a muscular pump that moves blood to the lungs and the other parts of the body. The blood supplies the body with oxygen and other vital nutrients while taking away carbon dioxide and other waste materials. The heart gets a supply of blood through the coronary